Robert's Y-chromosome signature is E1b1b (formerly E3b), which is not strongly sub-Saharan African in its distribution. E1b1b is found throughout Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Given its range, it would not even be correct to characterize it as African. Contrast it with E1b1a (formerly E3a), which is clearly tied to Sub-Saharan Africa and has only spread to other regions in relatively recent times.