These books are recommended for background reading on the history of the Freedmen of Indian Territory:

"Africans and Creeks" by Daniel Littlefield
"Africans and Seminoles" by Daniel Littlefield
"The Cherokee Freedmen. From Emancipation to Citizenship" by Daniel Littlefield
"The Chickasaw Freedmen. A People Without a Country." by Daniel Littlefield
"The Black Seminoles" by Kenneth Wiggins Porter
"The Oklahoma WPA Slave Narratives" U. of Oklahoma Press.

Other titles will be added at a later date.

[originally posted 24 May 1999]