Wow, Lisa, you've put together an incredible amount of information in a very concise summary. This was very helpful. As I said, I really know nothing about the Western Provinces. I have heard some things about the KKK and of course the anti-black and Asian sentiments over the years (for instance the Japanese internment camps in Ontario) but didn't really have an overview like this, so thank you. It does make me wonder what sort of specific tactics were used to put off the "undesirables." I probably need to readjust my thinking about the difficulties faced by those early black and other "undesirable" settlers in the prairies and give them much more credit for sticking it out. Thanks again for answering my question. Janice